Liver transplantation is a method of treatment of end stage liver diseases in either acute or chronic state. Due to the lack of supply of organs relative to demand, as well as the complexity of the procedure, it is reserved for end stage liver diseases. Complications can occur intraoperatively, but also in the early and late postoperative periods. The main complications in the early, 30-day, postoperative period include graft dysfunction, rejection and infections. Later complications are mainly linked to drug-induced induced immunosuppression. Transplantations without infection are very rare; infections occur in about 80% of transplantations and they increase the morbidity and mortality of these patients. They are divided into infections of early, intermediate and late posttransplantation period. Early posttransplantation infections are the most common and the cause is usually bacterial, including nosocomial infections. Opportunistic infections remain one of the important infectious complications of the later postoperative period. An increasing problem is antimicrobial resistance of causal agents caused by inappropriate use of antibiotics. Clinical presentation varies from mild, self-limiting inflammation to more severe manifestations, such as sepsis, which is the leading cause of death in patients. Prevention includes aseptic techniques, adequate post-procedural imunosuppressive therapy and prophylactic use of antimicrobial drugs based on optimal dosing and selection according to the epidemiological situation. Further studies of infection following transplant procedure are necessary to provide a better outcome for these patients.