Despite the progress in obstetric, prenatal and neonatal care, perinatal asphyxia is still one of leading causes of newborn mortality and morbidity. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is the result of newborn asphyxia which can occur during pregnancy, during birth or after birth. HIE can be classified as mild, moderate or severe according to the Sarant and Sarnat classification. Outcomes of HIE depend on the severity of brain injury. 10-15 % of newborns with moderate and severe HIE die within the first month after birth, while 25-50 % of survivors suffer from severe neurologic deficits such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, blindness or hearing disorders. Clinical presentation of cerebral palsy varies based on the duration, severity and localization of the effect of the causative agent. It can be classified as spastic, dyskinetic and ataxic cerebral palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice in the workup of cerebral palsy due to it’s higher sensitivity compared to other imaging studies. Treatment of cerebral palsy requires a multidisciplinary team and an individual approach to the patient based on clinical presentation of the disease. Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. Children suffering from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy are 5 times more likely to develop epilepsy than healthy children. West and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes are associated with HIE. In most patients, seizures can be managed using antiepileptic drugs, while a smaller number of pharmacoresistant cases require conventional or minimally invasive neurosurgical treatment. Cortical visual impairment is the most common type of visual impairment in children and is often caused by a hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The severity of visual impairment depends on the size and localization of the brain injury. Furthermore, children with HIE often develop bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Besides evoked otoacoustic emission, in children at high risk of neurologic complications, it is often necessary to perform A-ABR during the first 6 months of life.