The trend of wearing minimalist sports shoes is becoming increasingly popular among runners. Minimalist sports shoes have minimal cushions to cushion the impact force while running. Therefore, they significantly differ from traditional sports shoes, which take over most of cushioning of the running impact as well as the function of intrinsic foot muscles. Running in minimalist sports shoes simulates barefoot running and is expected to strongly activate the intrinsic muscles of the feet. The aim of this paper is to review and systematically analyze scientific papers cited in the bibliographic databases Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus that investigate the effect of wearing minimalist footwear on the strength and size of foot muscles. In total, 68 articles were found from both databases. Eight articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The studies show the change in the morphology and function of the soft tissues of the feet under the influence of wearing minimalist sports shoes in recreational runners and the efficiency of wearing minimalist shoes only when walking. The results confirm an increase in the volume of the muscles of the feet and lower legs, especially m. abductor hallucis and m. flexor digitorum, and, additionally, an increased volume of the Achilles tendon in runners in minimalist sports shoes. In future research, a larger sample of subjects and randomized controlled studies are needed in order for the obtained results to have greater inference power.